The Theory Of Differential Association Essay - 1501 Words

Introduction Why do criminals commit crime? How to we learn to commit crime? These questions can be answered using social learning theory. Social learning approach is the assumption that all human behavior is socially learned (Thompson, Bynum 2013 115). The theory of differential association was developed by Edwin Sutherland to try and explain the development of criminal behavior. Essentially what this theory says is that deviant group behavior results from normative conflict. Normative conflict arises when multiple probable rules exist, specifying how one ought to behave in a given situation. Conflicts among norms affect deviant people of a variety of social groups. An individual is part of many social groups including friends, family, and school. Every group has its own set of social norms. Sometimes the norms between these groups can conflict with each other resulting in the possibility of deviant behavior Delinquency is a learned behavior and is learned in the same way we learn everything else. It is learning through social interactions with others in your close personal groups. When the groups that you are a part of participate in delinquent behavior that individual is more likely to learn and engage in that delinquent behavior. Not only are you learning how to be delinquent or the techniques that go along with this deviant behavior, one also learns the motivation behind this behavior. When you learn and identify with these motivations you re a lot more likely toShow MoreRelatedDifferential Association Theory1790 Words   |  8 PagesThe famous criminologist Edwin Sutherland developed Differential Association Theory in 1939. He felt that criminal behavior is behavior, learned, and is learned in face-to-face interactions with others. Differential association, which operates on the individual level, is where behavior is learned through interaction with others. Through this interaction an individual will learn the techniques and skills necessary to commit crime as well as the motives, rationalization, and attitudes necessary forRead MoreThe Theory Of The Differential Association Theory2539 Words   |  11 PagesVarious criminological theories have been constructed attempting to determine factors that contribute to how individuals begin to engage in deviant behavior. The Differential Association Theory established in 1947 by Edwin Sutherland, an American Criminologist, evaluates how delinquent behavior is learned through social interaction as well as learning from the legal definitions of laws and crimes. For example, an individual learning definitions that are favorable to breaking the law from peers orRead MoreDefinition Of Differential Association Theory917 Words   |  4 PagesDifferential Association In Edwin Sutherland theory has been around for over 30 years which is one of the most popular theories that there is in criminal behaviors. The differential association theory is considered to be one of the most and best formulation of theory of criminality, holds, in essence, that criminality in learned interactions from others through a way of communication (Cressey, 1954). Sutherland he explains how individual behaviors are learned behaviors and that people are notRead MoreDifferential Association Theory Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will discuss three theories, the differential association theory, the labelling theory and the rationale choice theory. The theories will discussed and how they can explain crime will also be discussed, and then a comparison of the theories will be given in order to identify their strengths and weaknesses in explaining youth crime. Theories within criminology try to explain why and how crime occurs. This is done through examining variou s facts that are related to the individual s criminalRead MoreSutherlands Differential Association Theory1430 Words   |  6 PagesSutherland’s Differential Association Theory Ryan Herron Dr. Patrick Parnaby SOC 2070 9 November 2017  There are many theories used by Sociologists to explain deviance. One such theory is differential association theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland. There are many strengths and weaknesses of differential association that will be laid out in this paper after differential association theory is fully explained. When discussed, it becomes apparent that differential association theory has many strengthsRead MoreDifferential Association Theory Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe Differential Association Theory, established by Edwin Sutherland in 1947, explicit the deviance of an individuals behavior and how it is learned through interaction with others or associations. There are several components that play a role in this theory that determines the main causes of delinquency. One of the components of this theory is, a person do not inherently become a criminal, it is a learned behavior. A person cannot decide one day he wants to commit a crime if he is not influenceRead MoreDifferential Association Theory Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagescriminological theory and bullying to help explain the behavior of those individuals who participate in bullying. Differential Association Theory was introduced in 1939 by Edwin H. Sutherland and aimed at explaining how and why certain individuals commit deviant (criminal) acts. Additionally, Differential Association theory, believes that the behaviors of an individual are influenced and shaped by others they associate with. To support this assertion, I will provide a description of Differential AssociationRead MoreThe Association Between Differential Association Theory and Burglary1358 Words   |  6 Pagesan explanation into how differential association theory explains burglary. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) considers burglary a Type 1 Index Crime because of its potentially violent nature. The FBI breaks burglary down into three sub-classifications. This paper discusses the elements of the crime of burglary and what constitutes a structure or dwelling. It will discuss a brief history of the deviance, trends, rates, and how it correlates to the specific theory that this paper will alsoRead MoreThe Strengths Of Labelling Theory And Differential Association Theory1703 Words   |  7 PagesLabelling Theory can explain the factor of low socioeconomic status while Differential Association Theory can explain how the factor of family as reasons why some youth join gangs. This paper compares the relative strengths and weaknesses of Differential Association theory and Labelling theory and I argue that Labelling Theory offers the most compelling theoretical perspective to help account for how these factors influence youth to join gangs. I also argue that unlike the other two theories, a MarxistRead MoreDifferential Association and Social Bonding Theory1852 Words   |  8 PagesDifferential Association and Social Bonding Theory Introduction The purpose of the following study is determine what, if any, the components of social bonding theory and differential association play on the lives of college students. This study is composed of three hypotheses: A) If the amount of commitment to the college goes up will deviance go down?; B) If involvement with the college is increased then does deviance go down?; and C) If a student associates, or attaches, themselves to deviant

Susan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers - 1408 Words

Growing up in Iowa in the 1800s and 1900s, Susan Glaspell took inspiration for many of her stories from personal experiences. As a former courthouse reporter herself, Glaspell’s short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† is based largely on her involvement with a murder case and a kitchen she recalled investigating. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† a rendition of her early play, Trifles, focuses on the homicide of an abusive husband by his wife. While the men investigating the case overlook the various signs of abuse, their wives work together to defend the widow. During this time period, sexism was a widely spread concept. Glaspell was a strong willed advocate of women’s rights, and promoted feminism throughout her life, oftentimes featuring this concept in†¦show more content†¦She writes, â€Å"The men, all representatives of the Law (the sheriff, the prosecutor, and a witness), are oriented to a mechanistic view of legal propriety: they react to an act ion and look for the evidence to justify the retribution they wish to enact† (Bendel-Sismo 1). She then compares the beliefs of the men to women, whose views shift as they learn more about the murder and the reasons behind the widow’s actions. â€Å"Unlike the men, the women conclude that a different crime has been committed, and that the crime the men perceive is, in fact, justice being enacted. While the men see John Wright s death as the point of departure for their investigation, the women see his death as closure; not the beginning, but the end, and as such their role is to protect Minnie Foster† (Bendel-Sismo 1). While the men in Glaspell’s story are quick to search for ways to convict Mrs. Wright, often overlooking details, their wives dig deeper to learn about the real reason behind her husband’s death. â€Å"‘Nothing here but kitchen things,’ he said, with a little laugh for the insignificance of kitchen things† (Glaspel l 6). The critic concludes that the motives of the men and women while investigating the murder are a result of psychological differences differences of genders during this time period. She sums up her statement by saying, â€Å"While the women can seek Justice for other women, the men in charge of the case--by their very nature as men--can seek Justice only for men (their peers),Show MoreRelatedSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers1174 Words   |  5 Pages A Jury of Her Peers is a short story written by Susan Glaspell in 1917 and follows the investigation of the murder of John Wright, with his wife Minnie Wright being the alleged murderer. Martha and Lewis Hale assist Sheriff Peters and his wife, Mrs. Peters, with investigating the scene of the crime. Throughout the story, women notice significance in their findings, of which the men overlook. The men have a dismissive attitude towards the women, ignoring their contributions. When the women solveRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers995 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent theme in the 1900’s, during a time when women were often treated as second class citizens to men. Susan Glaspell wrote the play â€Å"Trifles,† in 1916, which portrayed how women’s lives were seen as less significant throughout American society. The following year, Glaspell wrote the short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† which was essentially a longer and more detailed version of â€Å"Trifles.† The stories are alike in many societal implications, since â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† was based off of â€Å"TriflesRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell is now known as a feminist classic. Susan Glaspell first published the play â€Å"Trifles† in 1916 and was adapted to the short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† in 1917. The story was rediscovered in the early 1970s, since then it has been reprin ted into textbooks and anthologies. It is said that while Glaspell was working as a reporter she was inspired to write â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† The stories are inspired by a real murder case she was covering. TheRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers999 Words   |  4 PagesFrom beginning to end, Susan Glaspell’s 1917 short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† has several repetitive patterns and symbols that help the reader gain a profound understanding of how hard life is for women at the turn-of-the-century, as well as the bonds women share. In the story two women go with their husbands and county attorney to a remote house where Mr. Wright has been killed in his bed with a rope and he suspect is Minnie, his wife. Early in the story, Mrs. Hale sympathizes with Minnie andRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Jury Of Her Peers1841 Words   |  8 PagesName: ZaZa Horton Professor: Leblanc Course: Anicent Woman in Greece 20 April 2015 Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"Jury of Her Peers† â€Å"Jury of Her Peers† is a short story that revolves around the strange death of john wright. It is a piece of work that exposes sexism on women. Women have been categorized for some time now based on their gender and not on ability and skills. They have always fell at the short end of the stick when compare against men. Nevertheless, there were many similarities as well asRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers878 Words   |  4 Pages In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† Susan Glaspell crafts an intricate portrayal of these differences, but also provides a closer look at interpersonal relationships in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as how one’s atmosphere may affect the mind. Glaspell’s commentary is clear regarding the standing of men and women of the time, with the male characters being in positions of duty and respect, and the female characters being in positions of maintenance. These choices made by Glaspell allow theRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesSusan Glaspell was a prolific author, playwright, journalist and novelist in the early 1900s. Early in her career as a reporter she wrote many articles including the newspaper coverage of a murder trial known as the Hossack Case when she worked for The Des Moines Daily News in Des Moines, Iowa. This murder trial was a much publicized event in which a woman, Margaret Hossack, was accused of murdering her prosperous husband on the couple’s farm in Des Moines. In these newspaper articles dated fromRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay1789 Words   |  8 Pagesdefined as the treatment of someone or something with due fairness, but the fa irness of a situation is often seen differently, depending upon the viewer. In Susan Glaspell’s, A Jury of Her Peers, the idea of who is capable to fairly judge a person, and therefore serve justice, is examined through the arrest of Mrs. Minnie Wright for the murder of her husband. As the sheriff and others go to the Wrights’ house, the suggestion is made that those empowered by law to cast judgement and those with an understandingRead MoreSusan Glaspell s `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And A Jury Of Her Peers ``2004 Words   |  9 Pagesof mankind. Women, in particular, fight for fairness even in today’s society. This everlasting battle can be seen in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell. Gilman’s story revolves around a woman who has postpartum depression. Her husband, who is also her physician, uses isolation to try and heal his wife’s â€Å"nervous disea se.† Glaspell’s story, on the other hand, describes the murder of a man, with his wife being the prime suspect. Read MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles And A Jury Of Her Peers984 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† and â€Å"Trifles† are similar in plot, Mustazza’s article, â€Å"Generic Translation and Thematic Shift in Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ and ‘A Jury of Her Peers’† highlights the differences and similarities between the two. Mustazza’s article may help aid readers to understand the differences between Glaspell’s two works and provide understanding as to why Glaspell may have changed the genre and form of the plot. â€Å"Trifles† is a dramatic play whereas â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† is prose

Subculture/Counterculture of Raves free essay sample

What does one think of the word rave? Does ranting and raving come to mind as a way of communication or does flashing lights, dance music, and the use of drugs come to mind? If the youth of society were to be asked this question, every single of one of them would refer the word rave as a party filled with dance music and ecstasy. This youth movement has evolved into an electronic music subculture known as rave (Morris 1).A subculture is a separate world within the larger dominant culture that has the same values of he dominant culture but is different enough to be classified as a subculture (Heinlein 46). The rave subculture can be also be classified as a counterculture, defined as a subculture with values and norms counter acting the values and norms of dominant society (Heinlein 47). Rave culture can be classified as a counterculture where the youth involved partake in multiple acts of deviance and violate the social norms. We will write a custom essay sample on Subculture/Counterculture of Raves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deviance is the term used to refer to any violation of a norm in society (Heinlein 134).Raves are deviant in multiple ways because they violate many arms in society. Raves violate norms to such an extent that crimes are being committed. Crimes are such extreme acts of deviance that they are written and made into laws by society (Heinlein 134). Many of these laws are broken at raves. The crime most commonly committed and associated with raves is drug use. Among all illegal drugs, ecstasy use is the most prevalent at electric dance music concerts, otherwise known as raves. Ecstasy is the common name for the illegal substance known as MADAM. MADAM is a methamphetamine that gets one going and feeling good.Ecstasy is often offered to as a feel good drug because it gives you a heightened perception of sensation due to high amounts of serotonin that MADAM causes the release of (Hess). Other effects of ecstasy include elevated mood, calmness, sense of well-being, congeniality, compassion, and heightened sense of sexual pleasure (Hess). Ecstasy also suppresses the need to sleep or eat; one can stay up for multiple days without eating when on ecstasy (Hess). Jason Attackable, the author of Rave new world, stated that, every youth will tell you its about the music.But really, ecstasy is what makes a rave a rave (1 The music is a very important part of the rave, it is what the crowd thrives on and what keeps the party going; but in reality, the culture is so embedded with drugs like ecstasy that without these drugs, electronic dance music would not be popular among the youth. Ecstasy is essential to a rave just as much as LSI was essential to the hippie culture of the sixties (Attackable 1 The youth take ecstasy when going to raves just as hippies took LSI when going to music festivals.Ecstasy use is extremely prevalent among raves and it is what the raves thrive on. Ecstasy is the most frequent drug used at raves. According to a study done in Baltimore regarding the prevalence of ecstasy use among a sample of rave goers, 89 percent admitted to lifetime ecstasy use (Doodles 1). Out of the sample of rave attendees, twenty percent tested po sitive for ecstasy, meaning they took the drug with in the last forty-eight hours (Doodles 1). This study concluded that rave attendees are at high risk for ecstasy use and are more likely to abuse multiple drugs, not jus ecstasy (Doodles 2).The increase use of ecstasy among the youth has sparked the attention of health officials and policy makers (Doodles 1). Such attention has been sparked regarding the rave phenomenon that the U. S. Has taken a new approach to its war on drugs it has declared a war on raves'(Jordan 99). The government is well aware of the rave counterculture and they are well aware of the prevalence of ecstasy in the scene. Government believes that the deviance a rave causes to be great enough to write it in law and make such operations illegal. For the first time the government will be applying the Federal Crack House Statue to raves.They will arrest and criminally prosecute rave promoters and mangers or ultimately making raves readily available for the use of ecstasy (Garden 99). Rave promoters and managers are also at blame for making the rave environment suitable for ecstasy users by selling things like pacifiers, light sticks, and Vicki vapor rub (Graded 99). Ecstasy users use these types of things to enhance their high throughout the night. Rave promoters are well aware that pacifiers signify ecstasy use at a rave and these promoters are going to be the ones at fault for providing a space knowing ecstasy use will occur. The rave culture is the product of ecstasy.The reasoning behind all the norms of this counterculture is ecstasy. Even if some rave goers are not using ecstasy, the environment at a rave that results from ecstasy use can be jus as much considered deviant as actually taking ecstasy (Attackable 1). Although ecstasy produces a congenial and compassionate state of mind, it also causes a a heightened sense of sexual pleasure (Hess). Therefore, the user might be willing to get intimate with anyone, girl or guy. According to society, having sexual intercourse with out love is considered deviant and it is considered even more deviant to partake in same sex intercourse.Ata rave many delinquents can be seen partaking in sexual acts on the dance floor, in the bathrooms, or even in corners. Another act of deviance that can be witnessed at a rave is nudity. Because of the heightened sexual awareness and the rise in body temperature as a result of ecstasy, it has become the norm at raves to wear little or close to nothing (Hess). Girls are commonly seen wearing just undergarments such as bras, thongs, and hosiery. Some girls go to the extreme and wear just pasties that solely cover their nipples ND on occasion women will be completely topless.If a female was dressed like this outside of a rave, she would be breaking societal norms and may even be committing a crime. Taking illegal drugs, having sex, and walking around naked are all part of the rave culture. Taking ecstasy is a completely normal thing to do as a part of the rave subculture but society deems it as deviant and criminal act. This is why the rave subculture is considered a counterculture; the rave cultures norms counter act a lot of society norms. It is not normal to be engaging in sexual activities with the same sex, but to raves, girls kissing girls is completely normal. Society does not approve of women walking around only in undergarments, but to raves it is expected and completely normal. Raves tend to last well into the night if not all night. Many rave goers take ecstasy in order to stay up all night and party. Some raves and music festivals last multiple days and its the ecstasy that keeps the party goers going and partying for days on end (Hess). Partying for days straight without sleep is not a normal way of functioning in society and therefore it is an act of evince. The people of the rave subculture commonly partake in rituals that would never been Seen outside a rave.Subcultures that are focused around one activity, like the rave subculture is centered around raves, usually develops special ways to communicate (Heinlein 46). The rave subculture has special rituals and symbols that outsiders would not understand. One of these includes trading beaded bracelets that they have made known as candy. In order to exchange this peace of candy with another person there is a ritual that must be completed. It starts off with making a heart with the other arsons hand and ends with a hug once the candy/ bracelet has been traded.An outsider would never understand that trading this bracelet in such fashion represents peace love unity and respect. Peace, love, unity and respect make up the acronym BLUR and is a very big part to the rave subculture. BLUR is another symbol that an outsider to the rave community would never understand. Another ritual part of the rave subculture is light shows. A light show is when one person spins sociologist or LED lights in such fashion to create drippy looking light trails viewable to a person on ecstasy.Since ones senses are heightened on ecstasy, these light shows are greatly intensified to those using. Light shows are extremely popular at raves and kids can be seen everywhere giving or receiving such light shows. Other less deviant rituals thats have came from the rave subculture is forms of dance. Go-go dancing is extremely popular at raves; go-go dancers usually perform on stage with little clothing for added entertainment. Shuffling is also a common form of dance seen at raves and has become popular due to electronic dance music. Other dance forms like liquidation and touting having also risen from the rave subculture. These forms of dance all came from the rave culture but can be seen as popular in society today. The general gist of a rave is seen as deviant because of the sex, drugs, and all night partying. Society frowns upon the rave goers mostly because of the ecstasy use that is associated so well with raves. Raves are so embedded with drugs like ecstasy that the government has taken notice and is now implementing laws. Laws are being put into place at raves because raves themselves are acts of deviance.Since the rave subculture partakes in many Viviane acts such as using drugs and being nude, their culture is considered a counter culture because their norms counter act the norms of society.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay Example

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is a story about a man called Victor Frankenstein who makes a monster out of other peoples body parts. It was written in 1816 and published in 1818. This story came to be written because Mary and her associates had a challenge to see who could write the best gothic horror story. Gothic horror was popular in that time because of all the bloodshed in the French revolution which made people want to see blood, violence and torture. Many gothic horrors had people rising from the dead because a man named Luigi made a dead frog jerk using electricity and there where many other reasons. Mary Shelleys acquaintances didnt take this seriously but that night Mary had a dream in which the story came to her. All the deaths in Marys life influenced the story a little. By closely examining the novel I will investigate how Mary Shelley makes us, the reader, sympathise with the monster. In doing so I will look at themes, language and the characters. When Victor Frankenstein creates his monster all he sees in it is resentment and revulsion, Victor abuses the monster and this must make it feel even worse. Abhorred monster! Fiend thou art!Wretched devil! says Victor as he meets the monster on the mountain. The monster says to Victor I am your Adam but Victor describes the monster as been work of the devil. Mary Shelley repeatedly shows us how Victor turns his back on the monster, for example, in this quote, Begone! I will not hear you. There can not be any community between you and me; we are enemies. You can tell that Victor is turning his back on the monster, even though its his own creation because he calls it Abhorred monster! Fiend thou art! The tortures of hell are too mild a vengeance for thy crimes. Wretched devil! This makes us feel sorry for the monster because all the monster wants is to be friends and be loved by victor but victor hates his own creation. We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The monster is often seen in a sympathetic light. For example in this quote Be calm! Intreat you to hear me before you give vent to your hatred on my devoted head. Have I not suffered enough that you seek to increase my misery?, the monster. is human in a way. Even, though he is made out of different materials, he still has feelings like a normal human being and he is calm and intelligent not the fiend Victor has described him to be. In their conversation on the sea of ice, we see Victor behaving like a monster verbally abusing the creature, where as, Frankenstein is more civil, hes telling Victor to calm down. If Mary Shelley portrayed Victor more like a calm gentle person, we would probably feel more sympathetic towards him but instead, in my opinion; Victor is a very cruel man which makes me feel sympathy for the monster. Quotes such as Farewell! I leave you, and in you the last of human kind, these eyes will ever behold, farewell, Frankenstein! If thou wert yet alive. And But soon he cried with sad and solemn enthusiasm, I shall die, and what I now feel be no longer felt, soon these burning miseries will be extinct. Make us, the reader; see the monster in a better light. We feel sympathy for him and wish that Victor treated him different. I believe Mary Shelley has done this deliberately because at first people see Frankenstein as a bad person so they try to kill him, but now, when he is about to kill himself we see how sad he is. Mary Shelley uses a metaphor of Adam and Eve to develop our sympathy towards the monster, she has the monster say to Victor Remember that I am thy creature; I ought to be they Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Here the monster is trying to say why is Victor treating me like this, he is the one who created me, but now wants nothing to do with me, Im just a thrown away experiment. Mary Shelley wants us to think that the creature wants to belong to a family. This is a powerful image because the monster wants brothers and sisters and parents, he just wants to be loved, and if he doesnt have love the reader can tell that he needs to be loved and they show a lot of sympathy towards Frankenstein. In conclusion, the readers sympathise for the monster Frankenstein, because they know that he will never have a family to love him and he will never love. I think this story has a very strong connection with society today, Frankenstein was judged on the way he looked, and people today are judged on the way they look, people need to see that it isnt how you look, its how you act.