I-phone advertisement Essay Example for Free

I-telephone promotion Essay A tremendous measure of potential just as a colossal measure of contention is related with the new time of recorded music and particularly in regards to how the new computerized innovation relates to craftsmen sovereignties and corporate benefits. The issue is fundamentally one of free-get to and the discussion over document sharing and free downloading which has been seething for a long time now. With new items like the I-telephone further building up computerized access and conveyability at the top-level of purchaser request, the contention in regards to corporate and craftsman eminences and issues of copyright vows to stretch out far into what's to come. The I-telephone is spoken to in an ongoing advertisement as nearly as a characteristic power of nature and suggests that the individuals who have not encountered its abilities are, indeed, carrying on with a lesser-life; (I-case, 2007) in certainty the new time of music has arrived whether or not the following turn in innovation will grow or confine access for shoppers. The general issue can be broken into two sub-issues 1) document sharing by purchasers which brings about eminence misfortunes for the corporate or specialists interests and 2) the issue of fan-made remixes of craftsmen material which may bring about an extreme adjustment of what the craftsman initially proposed. All together for the two issues to be tended to at the same time it will be important to receive some type of free record sharing which isn't completely free, and which we will directly examine. Proposition My proposition is that all major-mark record organizations incorporate the choice of a predetermined number of document share downloads which are accessible for the individuals who buy a particular number of items or potentially pay a charge to get to this administration. This means each significant name would post the music on their name on the web and permit free downloads of a segment of their list while leaving the most sweltering freshest discharges or specialty showcase items in a condition of purchase as it were. All the while, the names could offer on online DJ or radio assistance which should work comparably to the Yahoo online Jukebox or other comparable destinations. The free access of tests of the record names inventory would likewise be a type of music sharing yet not document sharing as the documents could be heard nearby yet not downloaded. Contradicting Views The new-flood of innovation has not just made it harder for feature craftsmen to guarantee that their due sovereignties are paid to them for their music, however it has made it substantially more hard for enormous name specialists to guarantee that anybody is in any event, tuning in to their music by any means. The possibility that little league artists and even un-marked artists and groups can pull in downloads just as those demonstrations and groups which are upheld by enormous organizations. The new condition is a double test to music industry players[] To begin with, with so much music accessible, the best danger to large record organizations isn't that audience members will devour their music illicitly yet that they will expend, regardless of whether legitimately or wrongfully, somebody elses music totally (Drew, 2005; p. 543) which might be the most energizing guarantee of all from a customers viewpoint. Examination sources show that the extreme advancement has quite recently started and will have distant that cant be by and by anticipated. One legitimate source, Edgar Bronfman Jr., the head of Universal, the universes greatest music company,(Mann, 2000; p. 39) said the accompanying with respect to the eventual fate of the media outlets: a couple of snaps of your mouse will make it feasible for you to gather each book at any point written in any language, each film at any point made, each TV program at any point delivered, and each bit of music at any point recorded. In this immense scholarly center nothing will until kingdom come be no longer available or difficult to track down; each piece of human culture interpreted, regardless of how dark or financially fruitless, will be accessible to all. (Mann, 2000; p. 39) obviously to Bronfman and others like him with a personal stake in the utilization of diversion items, especially music, the new advances are seen as an insidious danger. This danger is budgetary in nature: the idea of such frameworks spreading to films, recordings, books, and magazines has captivated the consideration of craftsmen, authors, and makers (Mann, 2000; p. 40) every one of whom are, clearly, hoping to protect and expand their worthwhile monetary possessions into the new age. End It is difficult to totally close down document sharing of music on the web or to totally stop online music theft. Be that as it may, a comparable circumstance existed and still exists for films, network shows, and computer games which can all be illicitly recorded and shared just as tore without due compensation to the organizations and craftsmen who created them. By receiving new ways to deal with free-share choices, record organizations and craftsmen may in any event start to recuperate a portion of the lost income base they have encountered as shoppers move to illicit locales for document downloads. References Mysterious. I-telephone commercial, documented You-Tube; got to 11-26-07 ; http://youtube. com/watch? v=FLxB4pHH_GY Mann, Charles C. Great Jukebox: Rampant Music Piracy May Hurt Musicians Less Than They Fear. the Real Threat to Listeners and, Conceivably, Democracy Itself Is the Music Industrys Reaction to It; The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 286, September 2000. p. 39+ Drew, Rob. Blended Blessings: The Commercial Mix and the Future of Music Aggregation; Popular Music and Society, Vol. 28, 2005. p. 533+

IELTS Essay On Fast Food

Present day propensities and ways of life request that we accomplish a lot more objectives and focuses on consistently. Our iPhone, tablet, GPS and PC empower us to impart in a split second, find moment solutions and approach moment data. We live quick lives and a large number of us need this to reach out to our dietary patterns. Cheap food permits us to eat ‘tasty’, monetary, helpful dinners in a brief timeframe. This is a vexing issue for wellbeing experts and governments all around in light of the fact that, in spite of advances in logical research, which discloses to us how awful a less than stellar eating routine is for our wellbeing, the frequency of stoutness is arriving at scourge levels in parts of the world, for example, America, Europe and even pieces of Asia, and a lot of it is because of an expanded utilization of quick food.Disregard for the exhortation of wellbeing experts is a discomfort that can be legitimately connected with our cutting edge world and i ts unpleasantly speedy way of life and the profoundly effective, maybe excessively fruitful, promoting and creation of high fat, high sugar, low-supplement food.What can an administration do? They can deal with their arrangement of tax collection to empower the arrangement of solid bistros, cafés and cheap food outlets. On the other hand they can ‘punish’ undesirable cheap food organizations with heavier tax collection. They can likewise change the law as to the measure of sugar and fat that is permitted in arranged foods.With a decided and supported battle to improve people’s mindfulness and comprehension of the perils of cheap food, specialists may do a lot to enhance the circumstance. Anyway longterm and enduring dietary change would should be a piece of a more extensive crusade to advance ‘slow' sound food however a more slow pace of life by and large.

We have nice things on the walls

We have nice things on the walls French House occupies the top two floors of House 6 (one of the six towers in New House), and the top floor of House 5. There are around 27 +/- 3 beds (too sleepy to think harder about it); two are doubles, and the rest are singles. We have nice things on our walls. This is something I tacked up outside my room: And since then, people have been adding their own bubble wrap to it. This is on a wall in the same part of the house (called the Bermuda Triangle, because people get stuck there talking and can never leave): More of the smiley tabs are gone, now (I took this picture a few days ago.) Around the house, we have little information sheets that Kelly 15 made for CPW and orientation that we left up, because we like them. At the beginning of the year, we decorate the freshman doors. I painted a sign for my sister (yes, it looks like a kindergartener painted it. Get over it.) and her FPOP counselors made her a sign too. Our residents travel all over the world, and send postcards and letters back to their MIT family. We tack them up on the wall in the kitchen. There are nice things on the walls of my room, too. I bought these in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the summer after I graduated from High School. The next few are rather revealing of my interests. And no walls would be complete without some pictures and memorabilia from home. Post Tagged #French House #New House

The American Dream - 1320 Words

Skylar Windholz Professor Miller English 1020-Core Composition 1 7 December 2017 American Dream Essay For the past few decades, the American Dream has been the acquisition of material objects, a perfect family, house in the suburbs with a white picket fence, and a secure job that brought financial security. This pursuit began after World War II, when the United States became the â€Å"land of opportunity† and for many people this â€Å"dream† became reality. However, as the United States economy grew tremendously, the American Dream transformed into greed and inequality. According to Nick Smith, the author of â€Å"Poverty, Money, and Happiness†, believes the American Dream is failing and the quest for individual wealth should not be a priority†¦show more content†¦Therefore, equality should be considered one of the main goals of the American Dream, so everyone can have equal opportunities and improved living conditions. With higher equality, these improved conditions would benefit everyone in society. Come to find o ut, British epidemiologist Richard Wilkinson says that â€Å"the healthiest and happiest societies have† more that is â€Å"equitably shared,† meaning everyone gets a fair share of basic needs (Jarvis). In Wilkinson’s latest novel, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, he gives details on the effect â€Å"that inequality has on societies,† which is â€Å"increasing anxiety and illness,† the encouragement of â€Å"excessive consumption† (Jarvis). Wilkinson then begins to discuss that the disappearance of the wealth gap in America would improve the happiness and the longevity of people. Statistics have shown that inequality can cause anxiety about feeling inferiority or superiority generate by the feeling of not being good enough for oneself, loved ones, friends or even strangers. Inferiority can be developed by the stress of debt or losing a home, while superiority could mean the constant consumption and gain of unnecessary amounts of money and material objects to impress others. However, equality would eliminate these factors all together and provide a feeling of secureness and happiness.Show MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

The Greenhouse Effect - Causes Impacts - 4209 Words

The Greenhouse Effect: Causes Impacts INTRODUCTION The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light from the sun pass through a transparent medium and are absorbed, but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The trapping of the long wavelength radiation leads to more heating and a higher resultant temperature. Besides the heating of an automobile by sunlight through the windshield and the namesake example of heating the greenhouse by sunlight passing through sealed, transparent windows, the greenhouse effect has been widely used to describe the trapping of excess heat by the rising concentration of carbon dioxide†¦show more content†¦Almost half the radiation is in the form of visible light, which our eyes are adapted to use. ï‚ § About 50% of the Sun s energy is absorbed at the Earth s surface and the rest is reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space—largely by clouds—does not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system. ï‚ § The absorbed energy warms the surface. Simple presentations of the greenhouse effect, such as the idealized greenhouse model, show this heat being lost as thermal radiation. The reality is more complex: the atmosphere near the surface is largely opaque to thermal radiation (with important exceptions for window bands), and most heat loss from the surface is by sensible heat and latent heat transport. Radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapour, an important greenhouse gas. It is more realistic to think of the greenhouse effect as applying to a surface in the mid-troposphere, which is effectively coupled to the surface by a lapse rate. ï‚ § The simple picture assumes a steady state. In the real world there is the diurnal cycle as well as seasonal cycles and weather. Solar heating only applies during daytime. During the night, the atmosphere cools somewhat, but not greatly, because its emissivity is low, and during the day the atmosphere warms. Diurnal temperature changes decrease with height in theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Planet s Ecosystem1173 Words   |  5 PagesHeat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorbs thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface, some of it is released into space, some is absorbed by the atmosphere, and the rest is emitted by the earth and warms the Earth. This is what we call the greenhouse effect which is the main reason we have global warming. Despite claims by opponents that humans are not the cause of global warming, evidence linked to climateRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Greenhouse Gases1192 Words   |  5 PagesGreenhouse gases are the main factor to the poisoning of Earth’s atmosphere. Gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation and have a big impact towards the greenhouse effect are known as the Greenhouse gases. The greenhouse effect happens to be one of the major causes of global warming. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), some of the major greenhouse gases are methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrous oxide. (Lallanilla, 2015). There are multiple places all over the worldRead MoreDire Predictions: Understanding Climate Change906 Words   |  4 Pagesthe general causes and effects of climate change. It also goes into ways of predicting climate change as well. There are both natural and human impacts on global climate change. The main natural causes of climate change are the sun, volcanic eruptions, and the earths orbit. The main human impacts are increased greenhouse gases in the atmospher e, in particular carbon-dioxide, which leads to a warming of the lower atmosphere. Along with greenhouse gases, there are secondary human impacts on globalRead MoreWhat Is Global Warming?1553 Words   |  7 Pages(simply put; caused by humans) Greenhouse gases: Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere, Examples of greenhouse gases important to this discussion are: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Nitrous Oxide e.t.c This point of this essay, as the topic identifies, is to discuss global warming and the actions taken. Therefore the breadth of this essay will discuss Global warming; Its Causes, Its Effects and Its Solutions. Causes Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases (e.g CO2) collect inRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change1016 Words   |  5 Pagesits impact across the world† (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change is the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human activities that has been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the â€Å"average weather† (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth. There are variety of ways that affect Earth’s surface. The enhanced of greenhouse gasesRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth1587 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal climate change is having disastrous effects on the planet and it is too late to change many of these impacts. However, there are some that can be limited by changes humans make in their daily lives. There is scientific evidence that shows how gl obal warming is impacting the Earth. One example is how the global temperature has risen a few tenths of a degree (Sandor 2004). This may not sound like much but it can have huge effects on the plant life, like trees blooming earlier which in returnRead MoreClimate Change Is Caused By Human Activities1617 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant to recognize what is, and what causes, climate change. Throughout Earth’s extensive history the climate has naturally fluctuated. While this is true, the majority of scientists agree that present day climate change is caused by human activities. The primary reason for climate change is the concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gasses create pollution in the atmosphere and cause the Earth to experience a greenhouse effect. Certain gasses, clouds, and dust inRead MoreGlobal Warming: Fiction or Truth? Essay example1369 Words   |  6 Pagescurrently taking impact. Claims like this include from sea level rising in many parts of the world and ecosystem changes. Ice is melting all over the world. The greatest toll is occurring at the Earth’s Poles. Places like Greenland and Alaska are also receiving a great effect from this. Animals in the Poles like Polar Bears and Penguin’s are suffering due to ice melting and temperatures getting too warm for their cold natured selves to handle. While global warming may have current impacts on the worldRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1544 Words   |  7 PagesTechMedia Network, â€Å"Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.† (â€Å"Global Warming †¦ Effects†). We have been witnessing the change in Earth’s climate since past few years, and we are well aware of the consequences of climate change as well. Global warming has managed to list itself as one of the biggest problem in the world, and accordingRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On People s Habitat And Safety790 Words   |  4 Pagesthe influences become more and more significant. Climate’s change definitely impacts People’s habitat and safety. Why is the climate important to us? Because of the climate change, people will live in danger. Cli mate will affect the whole ecosystems, not only human, the other living creature. For instance, the sea ecology changes because of the climate. When the ecosystems encounter the damage, people cannot avoid the effects. Foods supply will change that directly influence our survival needs, also

The Effects Of Job Loss On Auto Industry Essay - 1424 Words

Jobs, the most crucial part of every state, seems to vanish increasingly every second, which leaves Michigan and its workers struggling to survive. One key point everyone seems to appears overlook is that regardless of how little of a job loss that a state experiences, it ultimately has a colossal impact. Nowadays, there are numerous states that experiences a form of job loss on a normal basis because of companies, who think making a quick buck should come before they would help their local economy. Aside from the high unemployment rates, these states lose money due to outsourcing and often cut pay for the new and remaining workers. Michigan is just one example of a state with a huge job loss that not only affects the main industrials, but also affects the workers and their families who live in the state. The auto industry is one of the gigantic sources for jobs in the state of Michigan, so it does not take a genius to figure out the impact of the job loss in auto industry. Significant restructuring in the auto industry, accounted for the majority of job losses in Michigan. Altogether, from December 2000 to December 2007, Michigan lost 211,000 in the auto industrial. Nevertheless, ever since the auto industry has started to close multiple of their plants down, it has been hurting the economy and their employees in a variety of ways. Firstly, with the closure of plants, they have laid off numerous amounts of workers for long periods of time. Accordingly, numerous of them willShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Mass Transit1376 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral reasons. GM argued why buses were a more reliable and dependent form of trans portion than railroads. Therefore the government started to support more auto mobile ideas, rather than the railroads. The government started to give into ideas to support street and high way construction , since they were cooperating with auto industries it cause majority of mass transit systems to be eliminated. Since, the governments started to support more automobile companies there were minimal funds goingRead MoreThe USA Manufacturing Workforce Essay669 Words   |  3 Pages In the U.S. the motor industry employed in 2008 around 880,000 workers that is around 6.6% of the manufacturing workforce and this include workers who put cars together to the workers who assembles the motors for these vehicles, since the turn of the decade the automotive industry has managed to eliminate 435,000 of manufacturing jobs that is equal to 3.3% of all manufacturing jobs that existed in 2008. The employment rate first dipped under 1 million in the beginning of 2007. In the latter halfRead MoreEssay on Corporate Bailout and the Law1286 Words   |  6 Pagesthe largest ever since the Great Depression of the 1930s, witnessed the near collapse of multibillion-dollar industries in the United States. Concerns over the economic impact of the possible collapse of these industries compelled the then administration and Members of Congress to seek legislative options to salvage them. Consequently, two of the industry biggest players in the auto industries, General Motors and Chrysler, were offered financial support by the government and in return, shareholdersRead MoreThe Decision That Drove the Economy Forward1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdistressed financial institutions and industries and pump government money into the economy† (â€Å"The Great Recession of 2008-09†). Despite the astronomical costs and the overwhelming republican opposition to the bailout, it was neces sary to bailout GM and Chrysler because the US economy would have declined profoundly with the loss of millions of jobs and a decreasing GDP if the companies weren’t bailed out. A grand total of nearly 80 billion dollars was invested in the auto-bailout. This 80 billion was obtainedRead MoreFree Trade : U.s. A And Canada1373 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as the Auto Pact). With the success of the Auto Pact, the Canadian Government considered proposing free-trade agreements in other sectors of the economy. However, there was difficulty in finding appropriate sectors; the auto industry with its dominant U.S. ownership was something of a special case. And the U.S. Government was skeptical of sectoral agreements. They were dissatisfied that the Canadian Government was unwilling to phase out the transitional guarantees in the Auto Pact which specifiedRead MoreConsumer Opinions And Observations Regarding The American Auto Industry847 Words   |  4 PagesConsumer Opinions and Observations Regarding the American Auto Industry Statistics show that Americans have a preference of buying American made products over foreign ones. In general, the great majority is even willing to pay more for a made in America product, based on beliefs that these products are better quality, have better safety standards and because someone in the family has a shared belief, which supports American values. â€Å"But in our increasingly complex global economy, how much meaningRead MoreU.S. Automobile Manufacturing in the Twenty-First Century1540 Words   |  7 Pagesaddition, due to the technological, economical, and social changes, the automobile industries as well of organizational practices have changed since the 20th century (Greer, 2001). Several developments such as global competition, advanced technology, and reengineering are more likely to affect human resource managers in the automobile industry (Greer, 2001, p. 68). Human Resource Issues Managers in the Automobile Industry Should Be Prepared For Based on the case study, global competition is an issueRead MoreEssay about NAFTA1048 Words   |  5 Pages commonly referred to as NAFTA, went into effect after years of contentious battle and debate amongst those drafting it and viewing it from afar. In fact, it took three U.S. Presidents to finally complete the deal: Reagan, Bush Sr., and ultimately, Clinton. Those who opposed it warned of vanishing industries, skyrocketing unemployment, and of unfair consequences to those that were less educated. Ross Perot famously stated, â€Å" giant sucking sound† of jobs leaving the United States would be heard.Read MoreThe Effects Of Gas Fueled Cars On The Environment1252 Words   |  6 Pagesefficiency of gas fueled cars versus alternative fuel options. Do we need gas fueled cars? Is it worth the extra money for an electric or hybrid car? Do gas fueled cars really affect the environment? Will getting rid of gas fueled cars cause a loss of jobs ? People need to understand that the continuation of gas fueled cars are detrimental to the environment. The replacement of gas fueled vehicles is best for the natural world. The Gasoline used to fuel cars is made from fossil fuels that polluteRead MoreSupply and Demand and Frequent Buyer Program1003 Words   |  5 Pagescosts. Moreover, depending on the locale, telecom taxes can amount to as much as 25 percent of a consumer’s phone bill. These high tax rates on telecom services have become quite controversial, due to the fact that the deregulation of the telecom industry has led to a highly competitive market. Your best estimates indicate that, based on current tax rates, the monthly market demand for telecommunication services is given by Qd =250 - 5P and the market supply (including taxes) is Qs = 4P - 110 (both

Customer Relationship Management Issues-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyzes Customer Relationship Management Issue that the Retail Giant Woolworths Must Address to be a Customer-Centric Organization. Answer: Introduction An existing problem in the workplace which is a retail sector company in Australia, The Woolworths Company is the effective Customer Relationship management. Customers are major stakeholders of business and they are often referred to be the King of Business. The tastes and preferences of customers change continuously and should be constantly monitored by companies. The cost to acquire new customers is hefty for business and five percent of customers are only new customers for a business (Yi and Gong 2013). So business should focus on customer relationship management to retain customers. The customer relationship management process should be centralized using Information Systems software like Enterprise Resource Planning software and Customer Relationship Management software. The automation of this business process is essential for business for centralize management and to achieve accuracy and efficiency (Choudhury and Harrigan 2014). Discussion Business has to continuously sustain in a competitive world. With increase in number of competitors in the market, it has become important for business to identify the key issues and analyze them. The key issue that business like retail sector in Australia faces is efficient management of customer relationship. Retail sectors should continuously upgrade and improve the quality of its products to satisfy customers. Feedback from customers should be taken to understand the areas that do not satisfy them and requires improvement. Improvement can be required in multiple arenas of business in retail sector like improvement in the store ambience and layout where visual marketing team plays a major role, improvement in code of conduct and behavior of front line employees and their ability to deliver service to customers effectively and efficiently and also there can be an improvement which is required in product design and quality. Feedbacks should be taken from customers using both digital platform and in-store feedback forms should be available for customers so that they can give their prompt feedback each time they visit the stores (Khodakarami and Chan 2014). Woolworth Supermarket is the Australian supermarket/ grocery store which holds eighty percentage of the market share in Australia along with Coles Supermarket. Aldi is also a major competitor of Woolworths. The supermarket giant must focus on being a customer centric organization. One of the problems that the organization faces is that there is stiff competition in the supermarket sector in Australia and for fast moving consumer goods customers spend very less time in the buying process and switching costs for customers is really low. Customers can easily switch to buy products from competitors like Aldi which also offers fresh stocks of good quality at low cost (Juster 2015). In order to sustain its business in the competitive supermarket sector, Woolworths must be a customer centric organization. For effective management of Customer Relationship Management, the retail giant must undertake the following steps- Reengineer its business process and implement modern digital technology solutions which will lead to effective data mining to track customers behavior. Also promoting itself on digital platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram using digital marketing tools will enable Woolworths to capture and retain online customers (Trainor et al 2014). Focus on ranking customer centric metrics on top priority for performance measurement for front-line employees in stores. The front line employees play a major role in building relationship with customers. During the moments of truth, that is, front-line-employees should be able to serve customers efficiently and timely and should follow a strict code of conduct. Customers data plays a vital role in customer relationship management and Woolworths should have efficient real-time cloud solutions to handle sensitive data of customers(Wei et al 2013).Data of customers should be protected from cyber theft. Customer Relationship management software should be upgraded. Cloud-based CRM solutions can cost the company more than in-house CRM solutions but it should be implemented by Woolworths (Stein, Smith and Lancioni 2013). The retail supermarket giant, Woolsworth must focus on store layout, store display and there should be effective management of visual merchandising so that navigation within the store becomes easy for customers and customers are engaged in the stores. Promotional activities should be conducted within stores to engage customers. The quality of the products should constantly be improved and Woolworths should constantly focus on effective Supply Chain and logistics management and quality control to provide customers with fresh stocks. Customer loyalty program should be upgraded and managed effectively to retain customers and to earn more revenue from repeat purchase done by loyal customers (Solomon 2014). Implementation of the proposed solution and continuous improvement The Woolworths supermarket should capture online customers by matching online price with store price. Click and collect locations and drive-through collection points must be developed by the supermarket giant. Customers can save time by this model (Rafiq, Fulford and Lu 2013). Woolworths must constantly focus on innovation of products and take into consideration customers feedback for improvement of its products. Woolworth already sells private label brands like Woolworths Home brand, Select, Gold, Fresh and segments the market to cater to special needs of customers by offering Macro Whole foods Market like gluten-free products, organic products and products with lower salt and sugar levels. A new division for the company should be set up which will focus on developing categories of new products. The supermarket giant should also strengthen its partnership with suppliers to provide fresh and timely stocks for customers (Jahanshani et al 2014). Pricing strategy for Woolworths should be competitive so that customers do not switch to competitors like Aldi and Coles. This can be achieved by implementing a Lean Retail model and non-customer facing operational costs should be reduced. This might require slashing of jobs in the back office sector (Saarijrvi, Karjaluoto and Kuusela 2013). Woolworths should invest into data consultancy firms to handle customers data effectively and analyze this data to reach meaningful conclusions. Decisions should be focusing on customers perspective and their actual needs and behavior should be considered (Hollensen 2015). There should be an improved loyalty system on the cards which can target customers more effectively. Customers should be able to accumulate points for repeat purchase and should be able to redeem the points on their next purchase. Also the supermarket can tie-up with movie theatres or eating outlets where customer can avail services at a discounted rate using loyalty card of Woolworths (Yoo and Bai 2013). Effective method of introducing the solution to colleagues Woolworths supermarket can introduce the solutions in team meetings and break the resistance for change. The performance measurement scorecard of all employees should have customer metrics at top of the rankings. Colleagues will enjoy the implementation of solutions only when their inner values and vision is aligned with the companys vision on being more customers centric. The role of human resource team and the store managers are of paramount importance to introduce the solutions to the employees of stores. Also, training and development and change management programs should be conducted so that employees are able to handle the Enterprise Resource Planning and in-store Customer Relationship Management software more effectively. Conclusion Woolworths supermarket can focus on customer relationship management by sharing information with customers. Information about the suppliers and food products should and how they are creating perceived value to customers should be provided on the website of the company as well as on other networking sites. Brand value should be created and stories and images of in-store promotional activities and testimonials of loyal customers should be shared on social networking sites. The Corporate Social Responsibility of a company helps creates a good image about the company in minds of customers. Woolworths can do so by addressing concerns of the environment like sustainable and healthy farming methods to grow quality food products. The company should focus on building a relationship and connecting with the community of Woolworths. Reference Lists Choudhury, M.M. and Harrigan, P., 2014. CRM to social CRM: the integration of new technologies into customer relationship management.Journal of Strategic Marketing,22(2), pp.149-176. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jahanshani, A.A., Hajizadeh, G.M.A., Mirdhamadi, S.A., Nawaser, K. and Khaksar, S.M.S., 2014. Study the effects of customer service and product quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Juster, F.T., 2015.Anticipations and purchases: An analysis of consumer behavior. Princeton University Press. Khodakarami, F. and Chan, Y.E., 2014. Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation.Information Management,51(1), pp.27-42. Rafiq, M., Fulford, H. and Lu, X., 2013. Building customer loyalty in online retailing: The role of relationship quality.Journal of Marketing Management,29(3-4), pp.494-517. Saarijrvi, H., Karjaluoto, H. and Kuusela, H., 2013. Customer relationship management: the evolving role of customer data.Marketing intelligence planning,31(6), pp.584-600. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Stein, A.D., Smith, M.F. and Lancioni, R.A., 2013. The development and diffusion of customer relationship management (CRM) intelligence in business-to-business environments.Industrial Marketing Management,42(6), pp.855-861. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Wei, J.T., Lee, M.C., Chen, H.K. and Wu, H.H., 2013. Customer relationship management in the hairdressing industry: An application of data mining techniques.Expert Systems with Applications,40(18), pp.7513-7518. Yi, Y. and Gong, T., 2013. Customer value co-creation behavior: Scale development and validation.Journal of Business Research,66(9), pp.1279-1284. Yoo, M. and Bai, B., 2013. Customer loyalty marketing research: A comparative approach between hospitality and business journals.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, pp.166-177.

Sex Issues Essays - Human Sexuality, Sexuality And Religion

Sex Issues Have you heard of sex before? I'm sure you have simply because it is a human part of life. Sex is natural and there is absolutely nothing wrong with it whatsoever. You often hear of the "birds and the bees" and how reproduction is the point of life. Is sex made for more than that? Answer: ABSOLUTELY!!!(in my opinion) I believe sex is merely for married people who love one another and know what they are doing. Those who are married for such a commitment-eternity is quite along time,well not forever, but long enough to die with eachother. Marriage is made for those who are not afraid to commit, not afraid to make promises simply because they are not afraid to keep them. They are ready for anything that is dealt at them. Sex is made for those ready for marriage. Premarital sex is not the answer to love. Babies grown up in a situation where mommy and daddy aren't responsible enough to take care of their young. Sex is awesome. Why not wait for the right one?

Fun and Interesting Chemistry Facts and Trivia

Fun and Interesting Chemistry Facts and Trivia Chemistry is a fascinating science full of unusual trivia. A list of some of the  most fun and most  interesting chemistry facts: The only solid elements that assume liquid form ​at room temperature are bromine and mercury. However, you can melt gallium by holding a lump in the warmth of your hand.Unlike many substances, water expands as it freezes. An ice cube takes up about 9% more volume than the water used to make it.If you pour a handful of salt into a full glass of water, the water level will actually go down rather than overflowing the glass.Similarly, if you mix half a liter of alcohol and half a liter of water, the total volume of the liquid will be less than one liter.There is about 1/2 lb or 250 g of salt (NaCl) in the average adult human body.A pure element takes many forms. For example, diamond and graphite both are forms of pure carbon.Many radioactive elements actually glow in the dark.The chemical name for water (H2O) is dihydrogen monoxide.The only letter not appearing on the periodic table is J.Lightning strikes produce O3, which is ozone, and strengthen the ozone layer of the atmospher e.The only two non-silvery metals are gold and copper. Although oxygen gas is colorless, the liquid and solid forms of oxygen are blue.The human body contains enough carbon to provide lead (which is really graphite) for about 9,000 pencils.Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, while oxygen is the most abundant element in the earths atmosphere, crust, and oceans (about 49.5%).The rarest naturally-occurring element in the earths crust may be astatine. The entire crust appears to contain about 28 g of the element.Hydrofluoric acid is so corrosive that it will dissolve glass. Although it is corrosive, hydrofluoric acid is considered to be a weak acid.One bucket full of water contains more atoms than there are buckets of water in the Atlantic ocean.Approximately 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere was produced by the Amazon rainforest.Helium balloons float because helium is lighter than air.Bee stings are acidic while wasp stings are alkaline.Hot peppers get their heat from a molecule called capsaicin. While the molecule acts as an irritant to mammals, including humans, birds lack the receptor responsible for the effect and are immune to the burning sensation from exposure. Its possible to die from drinking too much water.Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide (CO2).Liquid air has a bluish tint, similar to water.You cant freeze helium simply by cooling it to absolute zero. It will freeze if you apply extremely intense pressure.By the time you feel thirsty, youve already lost about 1% of your bodys water.Mars is red because its surface contains a lot of iron oxide or rust.Sometimes hot water freezes more quickly than cold water. A high school student documented the effect, which bears his name (the Mpemba effect).

Leadership Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Reflection - Essay Example leader is the transformational leadership in which I try to set down such standards that those following me find easy to follow by their own willingness. Other domains in which I see myself as a leader are intrapersonal leadership because I tend to lead my own self in a very effective way; and, interpersonal leadership because I believe that I conduct effective relationship management with my stakeholders through effectual conflict management based on active communication and collaboration. I keep everyone on the platform happy and satisfied and keep them motivated through personal attention and rewards. These were some domains in which I see myself as a good and ethical leader. 2. I take care of the employees so as to preserve a vigorous environment within the organization. I verify that the salaries are being paid in time; try to pursue a system of rewards and bonuses; and, listen to the employees’ troubles and try to remove them. This keeps them working at high competence. I make agreements with business partners while respecting their decisions. This confidence between the partners makes the organization grow and maintains its integrity. I know how to schedule my projects keeping in mind the time frame and instruct the team to manage work schedule accordingly. I know that I have to abide by the rules and regulations I have agreed upon while signing a contract and will never back off. All this adds to the progress of my organization. Strengths that I wish to develop include vision and framing my actions according to ethics. I want to develop a brawny vision so that I am able to solve problems with ethical values. I want to be able to frame my acti ons in such a way that they go just in accordance to my inner beliefs and standards because according to Freeman and Stewart (2006), leadership is â€Å"a fully ethical task†. 3. When I look at my past, I come across many events that have changed my inner self to the kind of person I am today. My leadership skills

Arguments of Cause and Effect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguments of Cause and Effect - Assignment Example The above scenario offers an example of cause-effect relationship in which one act directly yields effects. The woman let go the hand of the son who was adventurous and took the opportunity to walk around alone with the effect of becoming a missing person case. In this context, it can be observed that cause-effect relationship is subject to the concepts of necessary and sufficiency (Trapp,et al,pg.87). Cause: A man who was almost being attacked by robbers escaped death narrowly on the hand of the mob that mistaken him to be the criminals. The robbers attacked the man in a corridor sandwiched between two walls. He raised alarm through shouting and calling for help. The members of the public took position at the end of the corridor awaiting any person who would appear running and lynch under the possibility of being the robbers. Unfortunately, the robbers jumped over the walls and vanished into the nearby woods. The shaken victim took to his heals and just as he popped out of the corridor, the mob descended on him with kicks and blows. It took the intervention of the police to disperse the crowd before he could give a convincing explanation that shocked the public. He was the victim and the robbers wittingly escaped over the walls. The likelihood of walking through the corridor and being attacked by the robbers are correlated but that did not cause the members of public to attack hi m. Trapp, Robert, and William J. Driscoll. Discovering the World Through Debate: A Practical Guide to Educational Debate for Debaters, Coaches and Judges. New York: International Debate Education Association, 2005.

Theories and a biopsychology of addiction

Theories and a biopsychology of addiction The biopsychology of addiction examines the interaction of biological aspects associated with addictive behaviors. The word addiction comes from the Latin verb addicere meaning to enslave (Yucel, Lubman, Solowij, Brewer, 2007). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition-Text Revision identifies drug addiction as a dependence syndrome with essential features of a lack of control over drug use despite significant drug-related problems (Kranzler Li, 2008). The prevalence and problems associated with drug addiction cost an estimated $524 billion a year, including health care, productivity loss, crime, incarceration, and drug enforcement (NIDA, 2009). Advanced research confirms that addiction is a disease because it alters the brain. It shares common attributes with other chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. The underlying concept is that there is a disruption in healthy functioning that results in serious, harmful consequences, although treatable, that can potentially last a lifetime (NIDA, 2009). Recreational drug use usually begins in adolescents at a stage in development most vulnerable to executive functioning impairment. Executive functioning impacts decision making, judgments, and emotional regulation. Brown, et al. (2008) found an increase in drinking during the age span between 16 to 20 years that fuels neurological damage and social impairments. Beckson (2005) reported an increase in adolescent drug use. Preven tion of drug addiction needs to start during adolescents because it usually begins during this stage in development. The goal of this paper is to explore multiple factors related to the biopsychology of addiction, including the molecular level of synaptic neuron communication, neurotransmitters, brain anatomy, drugs of abuse, relapse, and long-term effects of addiction. The genetic and environmental influences along with stress play significant roles in drug addiction. Theories of addiction exist with a growing agreement among experts that the Incentive Sensitization Theory of Addiction provides the best explanation. Robinson and Berridge (2003) describe several theories. Opponent Process Theory of Addiction The first theory described by Robinson and Berridge (2003), is the Opponent Process Theory of Addiction representing the traditional view of addiction. Pinel (2009) refers to this theory as the Physical-dependence Theories of Addiction. Initially drugs are taken for the positive feelings, but gradually build tolerance and dependence to the drug. Withdrawal symptoms begin and compulsive drug cravings take over. Drug use continues in an effort to avoid negative withdrawal symptoms and achieve the pleasurable effects again. Other names for this traditional theory of addiction include pleasure-pain, positive-negative reinforcement, opponent process, hedonic homeostasis, hedonic dysregulation, and reward allostasis (Robinson Berridge, 2003). Limitations exist with this theory because not all drugs, such as heroin, produce serious withdrawal symptoms. A major argument against this theory is that after a period of abstinence the rate of relapse remains high despite the lack of withdrawal s ymptoms. Positive-incentive Theory of Addiction Another theory described by Robinson and Berridge (2003) involves aberrant learning suggesting that drugs create a strong connection to natural reward centers based on learning through classical conditioning. Pinel (2009) refers to this theory as the Positive-incentive theories of drug addiction. Explicit learning as a subcategory of aberrant learning describes the learning process through declarative associations at a conscious level between actions and outcome. Explicit learning also involves the declarative predictive relationships between environmental cues and expectation or anticipation of rewards, such as drugs. Declarative learning does not sufficiently explain the transition from recreational drug use to drug addiction. Addicts do not report exaggerated declarative memories or expectations of drug pleasure because they know the pleasure gained is not worth the consequences suffered (Robinson and Berridge, 2003). Implicit learning as a second subcategory of aberrant learning describes the unconscious procedural learning that occurs automatically by pairing a stimulus and response. Drug use becomes an automatic response through the corticostriatal loops operating through the dorsal striatum (Robinson Berridge, 2003). The aberrant learning theory does not hold up under scrutiny either because implicit learning does not actually generate an automatic response, such as tying your shoe, because it is compulsion that motivates the continuation of drug use and drives the cycle of addiction. Incentive Sensitization Theory of Addiction The Incentive Sensitization Theory of Addiction best explains the transition from drug use to drug addiction. According to Robinson and Berridge (2008), the theory states that repeated drug use changes brain cells and brain neural circuitry creating a hypersensitivity to repeated drug use and associated drug cues. Incentive sensitization generates a pathological motivation or wanting of drugs that last for years, even after abstinence. The wanting of drugs may be implicit by an unconscious wanting or explicit by a conscious craving. The addicts focus on drugs is created from an interaction between incentive salience mechanisms with associated learning mechanisms. Pathological motivation generated from sensitization of brain circuits stems from a Pavlovian conditioned incentive or motivational process, known as incentive sensitization. Associative learning can trigger the motivation for drugs through incentive attributes, such as within the context of associated drug experiences and i nteractions. The pathological motivation drives the addict to seek and obtain drugs at any cost. However, the stimulus-response learned association does not fully explain the core problem of addiction. Damage or dysfunction in cortical regions creates changes in executive functioning resulting in impairments. These impairments play an important role in the addicts poor choices about drugs coupled with pathological incentive motivation for drugs triggered through incentive sensitization. Sensitization specifically refers to the increase in drug effect caused by repeated drug use. Incentive sensitization is essence of the theory. Engagement of brain incentive or reward systems, include the mesotelencephalic dopamine systems. It is the hypersensitivity in the motivation circuitry that contributes mostly to the addictive wanting of drugs. Evidence in favor of the incentive sensitization from past studies includes three features of incentive stimulus: Pavlovian conditioned approach to behavior, Pavlovian instrumental transfers, and conditioned reinforcement. The sensitization related changes in the brain are important for the transition from casual to compulsive drug use. Changes in the brain include a much larger increase in the density of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons in the core of the nucleus accumbens. It relates to development of psychomotor sensitization. Studies further indicate that the neural changes underlying sensitization may be sufficient to promote subsequent addict-like behaviors. The essential factor in addiction is neural sensitization. Nature versus Nurture On the one hand, a genetic predisposition toward drug addiction appears evident for a substantial number of individuals. Researchers are continuing to identify specific genes related to drug addiction. The use of Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping contributes to identify specific genes for the risk and protection against addictive behavior (Crabbe, 2002). On the other hand, the learning hypothesis suggest drugs promote the learning of strong stimulus-response habits leading to compulsive behavior paired with rituals involved in consuming drugs (Robinson Berridge, 2008). Associative learning occurs in drug addiction through Pavlovian conditioning. The motivation for drugs becomes incentive sensitive when encountering familiar associations within the context and surrounding of the drug use, friends, location, and the like. Churchland (2004) argues that everything we know is the result of both our genetic makeup and our environmental experiences. Science has shown that development depends upon both genes and experience. Genes produce the hardware and experience provides the software. Learning occurs through genetic unfolding that generates changes in cells through memory systems of learning experiences constructed from environmental experiences. Our brain neuromodulators act upon synapses and become strengthened with repeated exposure that provides the foundation for learning. According to Kranzler and Li (2008) drug addiction stems from a combination of genetic, environmental, social, and psychological factors. The study of addiction involves multiple disciplines, including neuroscience, epidemiology, genetics, molecular biology, pharmacology, psychology, psychiatry, and sociology. It is not a matter of nature versus nurture, but more accurately nature and nurture. It is well known that addiction stems from a genetic predisposition and environmental stress and influences. Li, Mao, and Wei (2008) report that an estimated 40% to 60% of genetic factors appear responsible for drug addiction and the remaining percentage of factors relate to environmental factors. Genes and common pathways appear to underlie drug addictions. In a study conducted by Li, Mao, and Wei (2008), an extensive review of the genetic research associated with drug addiction resulted in the creation of the Knowledgebase of Addiction-Related Genes (KARG). The KARG is the first database of a bioinformatic compilation of genetic research on addiction. Through statistical analysis of the database, the authors found five common pathways in addiction, including neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, long-term potentiation, GnRH signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and Gap junctions. Advances in science from the use of new technology, such as tillingarray and proteomics, provid e new avenues in studying the underlying pathways and genetic composition of addiction and how addiction forms from environmental influences. Brain Communication Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters carry information across tiny spaces, called synapses that exist between neurons (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberts, 2008). The brain communicates through electrical and chemical signals transmitted from neuron to neuron. A neuron represents the brains communication network. A neurotransmitter is released from one neuron into the synapse within 20 to 50 nanometers of the receiving neuron (Lovinger, 2008). The releasing neuron is referred to as presynaptic neuron and has at the tip of its axon terminals small pockets known as vesicles. These vesicles contain neurotransmitters that release molecules when activated by the action potential stimulated by the presynaptic neuron. The neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic gap between the two neurons. The post-synaptic neuron receives the neurotransmitter and binds it to the receptor site. According to Lovinger (2008) two major categories of neurotransmitter receptors, include the ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The LGIC produces an excitatory or an inhibitory reaction depending on the action potential. The GPCRs represent proteins that bind neurotransmitter molecules and activate intercellular reactions. Once the neurotransmitter is released it becomes rapidly removed by neurotransmitter transporters. The neurotransmitter transporters are housed on the surface of the neurons cell membrane and rapidly retrieve the neurotransmitter pulling it inside the neuron. The uptake reloads the neurotransmitter into vesicles and the cycle repeats. Other brain chemicals exist, such as neurotrophins and steroid hormones. Lovington (2008) describes neurotrophins as peptides or amino acids secreted from different neuron structures, such as axon terminals and dendrites. Neurotrophins support neurons and assist in synaptic plasticity and neuron survival. Many are located within the central nervous system and the neural mechanisms that contribute to addiction (Lovinger, 2008). Steroid hormones represent small molecules that assist with intercellular communication. These hormones are found throughout the central nervous system as well. Lovinger (2008) further describes agonist as molecules that bind to and activate receptors. Antagonists also bind to neurotransmitter receptor sites by competing and blocking receptor activation. Many molecules serve as neurotransmitters, such as the amino acids, glutamate, and glycine. Histamines and different peptides also act as neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters play a significant role in addiction. Neurotransmitters Fitzell (2007) defines neurotransmitters as molecules in the brain that transmit chemical reactions in order for neural communication to occur. There are approximately 100 billons neurons in the brain. Neurons release neurotransmitters from one neuron to the next via a presynapitc nerve terminal and receptor site at the synapse. The releasing of a neurotransmitter either triggers a message to other neurons in a chain reaction or a message to disengage signals. There are several neurotransmitters that activate specific receptors site referred to as fitting a key into a lock (Fitzell, 2007). The neurotransmitters include noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine), acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, opioids and other peptides, and endocannbinoids. Endorphins and enkephalins produce natural opiates in the brain related to intense pleasure. Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) has a stimulating effect on the brain. It is responsible for regulating the heart, breathing, body temperature, and blood pressure. It also may play a role in hallucinations and depression (Fitzell, 2007). Adrenaline (epinephrine) controls paranoia and the fight-or-flight response. It is also responsible for our appetite and feelings of thirst (Fitzell, 2007). Acetylcholine is responsible for muscle coordination, nerve cells, memory, and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body (Fitzell, 2007). It has a significant role in reaction to stress. GABA is found throughout the brain and in numerous sensory neurons (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberto, 2008). It functions as a regulator of transmitting nerve signals, and it acts on receptor sites, including GPCR, by functioning as an inhibitor. Activation of the receptor sites prohibit the release of neurotransmitters. Ethanol acts as an excitatory for the release of GABA and has a role in alcohol intoxication and contributes to the brains hyperexcitable during alcohol withdrawal. Opiods, cannabinoids, and alcohol all act on GABA through the same brain regions. Glutamate functions as a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the lower brain region (Clapp, Bhave, Hoffman, 2008). It serves most brain neurons and is found throughout the brain. Two receptors, AMPA and NMDA, appear to be involved in learning and memory. Acute alcohol consumption inhibits the release of glutamate and appears to play a role in inhibiting synaptic plasticity and impairment of memory (Lovinger, 2008). Gass and Olive (2008) studied glutamates influence on drug addiction. Studies found that all drugs of abuse utilize glutamate transmissions producing a long-term neuroplasticity in the brain. Glutamate contributes to compulsive drug-seeking behavior and drug-associated memories. Dopamine serves as the most significant neurotransmitter in the brain. It is responsible for controlling our moods, energy, and feelings of pleasure (Fizell, 2007). Dopamine influences brain mechanisms of reward, evaluation of environmental stimuli, general behavioral activity level, and some brain disorders. According to Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, and Roberto (2008), dopamine becomes pervasive throughout the brain and is produced by only a few neurons. It is considered a pure neuromodulator because it becomes activated only by GPCRs. There are five dopamine receptor sites, D1 through D5. Half of the neurons connect to the substantia nigra pars reticulate forming the direct pathway to activating the cortex (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberto, 2008). The other half connect to the globus pallidus internal segmane forming the indirect pathway to slow down cortical output. Dopamine controls performance of action, including the intoxication from alcohol and other drugs (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberto, 2008). Many drugs target dopamine transmission, and dopamine plays a significant role with all drugs. Cocaine, amphetamine and other stimulant drugs either block or reverse the action of the dopamine transporter (Lovington, 2008). As a result, the level of dopamine in the synapse increases. Research shows that interference with dopamine transmission generates an intoxicating and addictive effect with drugs and alcohol Nicotine and alcohol stimulate dopamine. Morphine and other opiates slow GABA activity and indirectly increase the activity of dopamine. It also contributes to learning environmental cues in relation to the context of drug use that encourages drug and alcohol use. Fitzell (2007) describes serotonins role in the brain as relating to the five senses, sleep, aggressive behavior, eating, and hunger. Its release brings about a sense of calm, happiness, peace, satisfaction, signals of fullness, and reduced appetite. A decrease of serotonin or blockage in the brain cells results in aggression and violent behavior. Low levels of serotonin are associated with depression and increased appetite. Serotonin is a very powerful mood enhancer and appetite regulator located in the base of the brain (Fitzell, 2007). According to Lovinger (2008), neurons connect to other neurons through the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex and other forebrain structures. Serotonin influences sensations related to environmental stimuli, perception, learning and memory, and sleep and mood. Serotonin activity involves 15 CPCRs that either increase or decrease neuron output. It is the target of psychoactive drugs, such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin that serve as agonists of serotonin. Amphetamines, such as MDMA also known as ecstasy, interfere with serotonin transporters and increase serotonin levels. It is suspected that the effect may result in sensory-enhanced effects. Alcohol appears to cause a reduction of serotonin uptake. Opioids and other peptides contribute to the brains communication by decreasing excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA at the cell level (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberto, 2008). However, GABA continues to have an excitatory effect throughout the brain producing the pain-relieving effect of opioids as well as opioid dependence. Peptides help neuromodulation of the brain through GPCRs. These peptides serve as agonists to receptor sites for morphine, heroine, and other opiate drugs (Lovington, 2008). Three opiate receptors of importance include mu-type, delta-type, and kappa-type (Befort, et al., 2008). Reduction in opioid peptide actions interfere with promoting an increase in dopamine. Lovinger (2008) describes another hormone of particular importance, the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH communicates signals of stress, mood, and changes in bodily functions. CRH and its receptors play a role in stress, drug addiction, and relapse. The opioid peptides, endorphins, and enk ephalins affect mood, produce intense feelings of pleasure, and can reduce and relieve pain. Endorphins also help in managing stress. Enkephalins help the body fight pain (Fitzell, 2007). Wand (2008) describes a the stress response as involving a glucocorticoid response generated from the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA), activation of peptides corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), and activation of the sympathetic nervous system releasing epinephrine and nonrepinephrine. Endocannabinoids (endogenously formed cannabinoids) and other lipid-derived neuromodulators are involved in synaptic communication and acute reinforcing effects of drugs (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberto, 2008). Lovinger (2008) describes the receptor site CB1 linked to GPCR as functioning to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters. CB1 acts as agonists and influences both inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmissions (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberto, 2008). As a result, a decrease in several neurotransmitters occurs, including GABA and glutamate. A long-term synaptic depression may occur produced by retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. A consequence of this occurrence plays a key role in learning and memory and associated addiction (Lovinger, 2008). Brain Anatomy of Addiction The brain attempts to counteract the chemical changes caused by drug addiction. The process of neuroadaption or neuromodulation strives to reinstate homeostasis in the brain. Drug addiction influences all aspects of the brain with several significant regions serving more dominant roles. The mesotelencephalic dopamine system is a diffuse pathway consisting of dopamine neurons associated with pleasure (Pinel, 1998). Its cell bodies are connected to two structures in the midbrain tegmentum: substantia nigra or the ventral tegmental area. The axons of these two structures extend into different structures in the telencephalic sites. These structures include frontal cortex, striatum, septum, cingulated cortex, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. The mesotelencephalic dopamine system is associated with motivation of behaviors and self-administering addictive drugs, sexual behavior, and eating (Pinel, 1998) The substania nigra is a midbrain nucleus of the tegmentum and contains cell bodies of many of the neurons of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system. Its dopaminergic neurons terminate in the striatum (Pinel, 1998). The nigrostriatal pathway is a dopaminergic tract from the substantia nigra to the striatum. The striatum is composed of the caudate and putamen and serves as the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. The ventral tegmental area is located medial to the substania nigra and contains cell body of many neurons in the mesotelecephalic dopamine system (Pinel, 1998). The nucleus accumbens is a nucleus located between the striatum and the basal forebrain. It is a major terminal in the mesotelencephalic dopamine system. It plays a critical role in the experience of pleasure (Pinel, 1998). Koob and Simon (2009) indicate that the mesocorticolimbic pathway is the brain circuit that transmits dopamine in the rewarding effects of alcohol and other drugs. The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system represents the reward system in the brain. Neural inputs and outputs interact with the dopamine projections from the ventral tegmental area to the basal forebrain (Koob Simon, 2009; Ikemoto, 2007). Pinel (1998) describes the prefrontal cortex as the large area of the frontal cortex anterior to the primary and secondary motor cortex. It consists of three large areas: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex (Pinel, 1998). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is the large area on the lateral surface of the prefrontal lobes and plays a role in memory for temporal sequence of events but not the actual events, response sequencing, inhibiting incorrect but previously correct responses, developing and following plans of action, and creative thinking. Pinel (1998), indicates that the orbitofrontal cortex is the large area of prefrontal cortex on its anterior pole and inferior surface. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex results in marked personality changes, an inability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors, and influences social behaviors. The medial prefrontal cortex is the area of the prefrontal cortex on the medial surface of the prefrontal lobe s that when damaged, produces a blunting affect (Pinel, 1998). Amygdala is a major structure in the limbic system. It is an almond-shaped nucleus of the anterior temporal lobe. The central nucleus of the amygdala has the highest density of enkephalins. Enkephalins are found in the cell bodies of GABA neurons, the most abundant type of neuron in the nucleus of the amygdala (Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, Roberto, 2008). The amygdala is responsible for the fight or flight emotional reaction. The extended amygdala signifies brain structures located near the front of the lower brain region, referred to as the basal forebrain (Befort, et al.). The extended amygdala is comprised of a number of structures, including the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and the bed nucleus of stria terminals (BNST). It plays a role in relation to the acute reinforcing effects of drugs and the negative effects of compulsive drug use and reward. The CeA consists mostly of GABA as inhibitory neurons with neuron connections or project to the brainstem or BNST. It is considered the gate that controls information through the intra-amygdaloidal circuits. Befort, et al. (2008) describes the central extended amygdala (EAc) as a network formed by the central amygdala and the BNST controls. It plays a significant role in drug cravings, drug-seeking behaviors, drug rewards, and drug dependence. Hippocampus is the allocortical limbic system structure of the medial temporal lobes and extends from the amygdala at its anterior end to the cingulated cortex and fornix at itsposterior end (Pinel, 1998). The basolateral amygdala mediates motivational effects of drug use and the context associated with drug use in forming emotional memories (Koob, 2009). It plays a major role in learning and memory, particularly in relation to associated drug behaviors. Feltenstein and See (2008) provide a depiction of the brain anatomy and drug related connections in the mesocorticolimbic system. Dopamine projects from cell bodies in the VTA and connect to limbic structures via the mesolimbic pathway (amaygdala, ventral pallidum, hippocampus, and NAcc, and cortical areas (mesocortical pathway, including the prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulated gyrus) (Feltenstein See, 2008); Ikemoto, 2007). The NAcc and ventral pallidum serve as the primary effects of drug abuse. The amygdala and hippocampus serve a role in learning as it relates to the process of addiction. The amygdala and ventral hippocampus impact learning in discrete stimulus-response associations. The amygdala and dorsal hippocampus impact learning through stimulus-to-stimulus associations important in contextual learning. The prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus regulate emotional responses, cognitive control, and executive functioning (Feltenstein See, 2008). Feltenstein See (2008) further indicated that repeated drug exposure leads to neuroadaptions at the cellular level of the prefrontal NAcc glutamatergic pathway that contributes to the persistent addictive behaviors, including diminished cognitive control and hyper-responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli. The mesolimbic pathway is involved in the acute reinforcing effects of drugs and various conditioned responses related to drug cravings and relapse. Cycle of Addiction Drug addiction forms through progressive stages of drug use, impulsivity, and compulsion. Addiction begins with the choice to use drugs for a variety of reasons, such as peer pressure or curiosity; however not everyone who uses drugs develop an addiction. As the drug begins to change neuron interactions, the brain develops neuroadaptive reactions to the drugs invasion. Drug use gradually shifts from recreational drug use to a compulsive drug need based on changes in the brain circuitry. Everitt, et al. (2008) discovered that low levels of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens predict the propensity to escalate cocaine intake and the shift to compulsive drug-seeking and drug addiction. Kobb (2009) describes three stages of addiction: preoccupation/anticipation, binge intoxication, and withdrawal/negative effect. The three stages feed into each other, become intensified over time, and shift from positive reinforcement to negative reinforcement (Kobb, 2009). Drug use starts with experimentation and enjoying the pleasurable attributes of the drug. In time the addict focuses more on obtaining and using drugs that begins to shift impulsivity to tolerance and cravings in the drug relationship. As the drug begins to control the addict, the positive emotions begin to shift to negative emotions. The addict requires continued use of the drug in order to avoid negative reinforcement and to achieve positive reinforcement. The addict shifts into a compulsive need for the drug. According to Koob and Simon (2009), the binge/intoxication stage of addiction involves the nucleus accumbens-amygdala reward system, dopamine inputs from the ventral tegmental area, local opioid peptide circuits, and opioid peptide inputs in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The stage of negative withdrawal involves a decrease in function of the reward system and the brain stress neurocircuitry. The preoccupation/anticipation (craving) stage involves key afferent projections to the extended amygdala and nucleus accumbens, specifically the prefrontal cortex (for drug-induced reinstatement), and the basolateral amygdala (for cue-induced reinstatement). Compulsvie drug-seeking behavior appears driven by ventral striatal-ventral pallidalthalamic-cortical loops. In particular, the orbitofrontal cortex in the prefrontal cortex area influences impulsivity and compulsivity in drug addiction (Torregrossa, Quinn, Taylor, 2008). It is also critical in decision making and response selection. The orbitofrontal cortex influences impulsivity in three specific ways: delaying gratification, inability to inhibit strengthened motor responses, and an inability to reflect on potential consequences of action (Torregrossa, Quinn, Taylor, 2008). Schoenbaum and Shaham (2008) concur with the concept of an altered orbitofrontal cortex in drug addicts with a lasting decline in plasticity or the ability to encode new information. Drugs Classifications Commonly Abused Drugs commonly abused change the brains chemistry by interfering with the neurotransmitters and receptor sites. Different classes of drugs appear to affect different receptors either through overproducing a neurotransmitter or blocking the production of a neurotransmitter. All drugs of abuse share enhancement in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine activity, although at different levels. Depressants Ethanol is the primary drug in alcochol. It changes serotonin levels, and acts as a substitute for endorphins. According to Frezell (2007), behaviors that occur when under the influence of the drug include sleepiness, possible violence or aggression, depression, and a dulling of psychological pain. After the effect of alcohol wears off, sleep disturbance, depression, lack of endorphins to relieve normal pain, and cravings for more alcohol occur in reaction to the brains reduction in producing endorphins. Cruz, Bajo, Schweitzer, and Roberto (2008), indicate that alcohol increases the inhibitory effect of GABA and decreases the excitatory action of glutamate. GABA is involved with the intoxication effects of alcohol and the long-term effects, including tolerance and dependence. The CeA adapts to the changes as alcohol dependence forms. Feltenstein and See (2008) indicate that ethanol interacts with a wide variety o

Development and Aging Essay -- essays research papers

Below, I will describe many factors that are related to development and aging. First, I will talk about how getting older is not a time to sit out, and think life is over. Second, I will define primary and secondary aging. Third, I will talk about how a good healthy diet can help with many diseases in relation to development and old age. Lastly, I will talk about how technology will help many individuals to live a long and health life. Many times when people think of getting older and the aging process they tend to think of turning gray and sitting in a rocking chair watching their life pass them by. This stereotype is slowly being changed thanks to the developments that are being found in research showing that by staying physically and mentally active can help delay some of the onsets of the aging process and help up to live more fulfilled and healthy lives. We all know that aging is inevitable and a natural aspect of life, defined as the gradual loss of the body's ability to respond the environment. Although there are no ways of preventing the aging process from occurring, or finding the so-called "fountain of youth", there are ways to slow down the process and prevent someone from becoming old. As stated in this chapter, despite good health and the absence of disease, primary aging refers to the normal and intrinsic process of biological aging that are generally programmed and that takes place with the passage of time (Lemme 346). As many already know, and as s...

How Dinosaurs Came to Disappear

In this regard, the paper is going to look at the different theories such as sex, drugs, and disaster.. Focusing on the theories used to determine the causes of extinction of these big mammals, one of the critical theories that Gould considers is sex. In this theory, it said that since testes function under low temperatures that are biologically friendly, the sudden increase in temperate during the cretaceous era may have caused the testes to become dysfunctional (Gould). As such dinosaurs disappeared from the earth due to lack of procreation.Another theoretical approach asserts that around the same time, vegetation produce contained contaminated agents which affected the survival of the animals. Additionally, the occurrence of certain disasters such as comet hitting the earth may have created a shade of powder in the sky thereby suppressing the photosynthesis process and fundamentally lowering globe temperature, which made dinosaurs to vanish. On account of logos appeal, the author of the author chooses a previous study that was conducted during the sass. This study focused on one of the close relatives of the dinosaur.The aim was to establish functional traits, especially those focusing on the biological attributes of the animal that can be associated with the dinosaur. In this regard, the study focused on the tolerance of the alligator to extreme heat. The study assessed the amount of heat that alligators can absorb and how this can affect their existence. As such, using an example of an alligator, Gould shows that temperature can cause them to loose the functionality of their physiological system, which is critical for maintaining their temperature.This implies that these creatures have experience suffering during the experience and this causes them to become dysfunctional. Still on the logos appeal, the study also focused on the experience of large mammals such as the dinosaur when there are extreme temperature fluctuations. Gould asserts that large mammal s that have fairly small areas can release heat through a gradual process that enables them to maintain constant temperatures. This only takes place when there are ordinary fluctuations of weather conditions.The author uses a logical appeal to convince the reader that the dinosaur hat became extinct years back had a hefty size, which was too big to be affected by temperature fluctuations. The author uses the study to support his claims. Gould also asserts that large dinosaurs lived in favorable climates where temperature was normal. In this regard, the author recommends that any rise in universal temperatures before the Cretaceous annihilation may have caused the dinosaurs to warm up than their premium tolerance.Since they were bulky, this surplus heat may not have been extreme to kill or even to hamper functionality of the great beasts. However, Gould seems to agree with the previous theoretical position regarding the impact of temperature on testes. Earlier, it was suggested that they work best within a slim range of temperature. As a result, this surplus heat may have sterilized all the male dinosaurs. As such, they were unable to procreate successfully and give rise to future off springs.On ethos appeal, the author brings into light the truth about the drug overdose theory, which claimed that dinosaurs disappeared because their nutrition was interfered with the growth of these bitter and toxic plants. The author agrees that indeed blossoming plants did not develop until tardy in the dinosaurs' regime. He adds that the shrubs produced pungent amino-acid-based alkaloids. However, to claim that these plants could have poisoned the dinosaurs and caused them to disappear was unethical. Gould claims that majority of mammals are able to use their instincts and taste preferences to avoid eating poisonous plants.Even though the plants may have been bitter, mammals have livers that are able to produce antidotes to attack the poison. Indeed, this claim makes sense be cause it is unethical to overlook the biological functionality of the body and its ability to protect the body against toxins. The original study by Siegel claimed that dinosaurs could neither accommodate the flavor of the bitter plants nor cure the food they ingested. Indeed, the only way these animals may have been poisoned was through an overdose. Is there such evidence of an overdose?On pathos appeal, the author attempts to appeal to the emotional centre of the reader by looking at the outer space probes that have a deep association on the literature of dinosaurs destruction, The argument rose yet again in 1979, after a long pause, when the father-son, physicist-geologist squad of Luis and Walter anticipated that an asteroid, some 13 km in thickness, struck the ground 66 million years ago. The strength of such a crash would be massive, greater by distant than the Jumbo tonnage of all the world's nuclear arms.In trying to rebuild a scenario that would elucidate the synchronized d isappearing of dinosaurs on terrain and so many creatures in the aquatic the team proposed that a gargantuan grime shade, caused by particles blown up in the illusion would so dim the earth that photosynthesis (growing of vegetation) would stop and temperatures drop abruptly. The single-celled photosynthetic marine plants, with existence cycles calculated in weeks, would expire completely, but land plants might stay breathing throughout due to the capability of their seeds.Dinosaurs would die by malnourishment and glacial atmosphere; miniature, warm- blooded mammals, with added humble necessities for food and better guideline of body hotness, would yelp through. Indeed, the author figuratively brings out the Lloyd destruction in a way that makes it look like an end of the existence of living things. The reader is left with a vivid image of a humongous object flying from the outers pace, coming at a great speed, and hitting directly on the habitat of dinosaurs.As such, the reader is able to associate this story to similar stories such as those found in the bible, for example, the destruction of the Babylon city. In conclusion, the author does a great Job of analyzing the theories by focusing on the background information, present belief system, application of science, and reality. The theories proposed by the scientists give rise to a number of questions such as how could we likely settle on whether the idea that the rise of temperatures caused testes of the dinosaurs to become dysfunctional and consequently unable to give rise to new offspring?Can this be applied in consideration to the biological realities that we know about? Indeed, this theory carries weight to make a logical appeal to the reader. Could they keep away from the high heat by staying in the shade or caves? On the other hand, the article leaves the reader wondering whether the dinosaurs had a pacific diet that they relied upon and whether this disappeared at the time the bitter shrubs were spro uting.

American History-19th Century Essay - 1598 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As urban industrial workers expanded in the 19th century, industry and the industrial work force boomed as well. Workers , however, were met with difficult situations that ultimately led to violent outbursts. Low wages could not buy food and clothes at the same time and conditions in the work place brought about countless deaths and injuries. Growing number of immigrants caused the reduction of wages and insecurity of the workers caused unemployment. There were hostilities between workers, employers, and organizations and complaints of no social safety nets. Due to these chaotic dilemmas, union members decided to emerge as one, in order to overcome the corporations. Methods of†¦show more content†¦Between 1880 and 1900, 35,000 workers were killed annually and another 536,000 were injured. There were more deaths in the working field of railroads and coal mines. There were at least 2000 fatal injuries and one of every 399 railr oad men were killed. In addition, unsafe working conditions played a major role in the suffering of the industrial workers. Conditions in the factories were very poor. In California, 2,000 men, women, and children would share 8 untended outdoor toilets, eat and sleep among insects, and labored temperatures over 100 degrees, often without water available. To top it off, there was a swarm of immigrants that caused factories to be overcrowded. As immigrants increased, working force increased, leaving employers to control the wages. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If it wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t low wages or long hours, it was job insecurities. Only a few workers could count on full-time employment. Depressions and recessions led to cyclical employment, style and weather caused seasonal employment, and machines replacing humans brought structural employment. There were no social welfare programs or a social safety net to turn to. A social safety net was a social welfare program funded by the government that compensated for the injuries, illnesses, and welfares for workers and single mothers. No safety net meant bad news to the unemployed workers. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There were 3 level of workers: unskilled workers (who were laborers), machineShow MoreRelatedAfrican American History During The 19th Century Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagestaken together describe the development of African Americans from the 16th century to the 19th century. They reveal how their status changed to one of complete submission and their lower position codified within the law. However they also reveal how they were able to make a difference and help secure their own freedom. Common themes present in the texts are resistance and creolization. The texts are significant in that they show how African Americans were able to adapt to life in America. 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